1787年憲法是1787年制定并于1789年批準(zhǔn)生效的美國(guó)聯(lián)邦憲法，是世界上第一部比較完整的資產(chǎn)階級(jí)成文憲法，制定后至1972年陸續(xù)有27條修正案。
1787年憲法共7條，基于三權(quán)分立的原則，確立了三級(jí)體制的政權(quán)組織形式，即聯(lián)邦政府由行政部門(mén)和參眾兩院組成。參議院實(shí)行平等代表制，每州2名參議員，任期6年，眾議院任期4年，總統(tǒng)享有最高行政權(quán)，任期4年。同時(shí)規(guī)定了聯(lián)邦政府和州政府之間的權(quán)力分配，明確了各州之間的關(guān)系。此外還規(guī)定了聯(lián)邦司法權(quán)屬于最高法院，修改憲法和批準(zhǔn)憲法的程序以及確立了聯(lián)邦權(quán)力和義務(wù)優(yōu)先于各州。這樣的政府結(jié)構(gòu)使各部門(mén)之間有適當(dāng)?shù)目刂坪推胶?，同時(shí)又保持對(duì)權(quán)力的優(yōu)良控制，實(shí)現(xiàn)公共權(quán)力與公民權(quán)利的平衡，是分權(quán)和制約的歸宿，最終達(dá)到平衡，是憲政的最終目標(biāo)。這也標(biāo)志著美國(guó)開(kāi)創(chuàng)總統(tǒng)共和制的先河。
歷史意義
1787年憲法不僅對(duì)美國(guó)的政治和經(jīng)濟(jì)的發(fā)展有促進(jìn)作用，而且對(duì)當(dāng)今世界其他很多國(guó)家的民主與法制建設(shè)都有借鑒意義。
歷程
背景
美國(guó)獨(dú)立戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)后，建立起來(lái)邦聯(lián)制的國(guó)家，政治上的松散狀態(tài)無(wú)法形成強(qiáng)有力的中央政府來(lái)穩(wěn)定統(tǒng)治秩序，保護(hù)國(guó)家的利益與主權(quán)。
面臨既要加強(qiáng)中央集權(quán)，又要確保共和制的新問(wèn)題。
1786年的謝司起義，使聯(lián)邦制的統(tǒng)治者迫切要求強(qiáng)化資產(chǎn)階級(jí)權(quán)利，完善資產(chǎn)階級(jí)統(tǒng)治制度。
制定
1777年大陸會(huì)議制定的并于1781年批準(zhǔn)施行的《邦聯(lián)條例》規(guī)定，由當(dāng)時(shí)13個(gè)獨(dú)立州組成邦聯(lián)制國(guó)家。南北戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)政府的權(quán)限很小，不能有效地行使國(guó)家職權(quán)。鑒此，邦聯(lián)國(guó)會(huì)于1787年2月邀請(qǐng)各州代表到費(fèi)城召開(kāi)制憲會(huì)議，修改《邦聯(lián)條例》。
5月召開(kāi)會(huì)議，出席的有12個(gè)州（羅得島州除外）的55名代表，G.華盛頓哥倫比亞特區(qū)任主席。主張廢除《邦聯(lián)條例》、重新制定新憲法的代表占優(yōu)勢(shì)，使這次會(huì)議成了全國(guó)制憲會(huì)議。出席會(huì)議的大都是資產(chǎn)階級(jí)和種植園奴隸主的代表，由于利益不同，大州與小州之間又存在著矛盾。
經(jīng)過(guò)長(zhǎng)時(shí)間的秘密討論，直至1787年9月17日才通過(guò)新的憲法草案，交由各州批準(zhǔn)。全國(guó)圍繞新憲法的批準(zhǔn)問(wèn)題展開(kāi)廣泛的激烈討論。1789年3月4日召開(kāi)的美國(guó)第1屆聯(lián)邦國(guó)會(huì)宣布《美利堅(jiān)合眾國(guó)憲法》正式生效。
修正草案
1787年制定的憲法沒(méi)有把獨(dú)立宣言和當(dāng)時(shí)許多州憲法中所列舉的民主權(quán)利包括在內(nèi)，沒(méi)有提及言論、出版、信仰及其他公民自由。因此遭到廣大人民群眾的普遍反對(duì)。馬薩諸塞州、弗吉尼亞和紐約等5個(gè)州在批準(zhǔn)憲法時(shí)就曾強(qiáng)調(diào)必須修正。以后在廣大人民群眾和一部分資產(chǎn)階級(jí)民主派的強(qiáng)烈要求和法國(guó)資產(chǎn)階級(jí)革命的影響下，經(jīng)J.麥迪遜等人的倡導(dǎo)，提出12條修正案。
1789年9月25日國(guó)會(huì)通過(guò)10條修正案，交由各州批準(zhǔn)。從1791年12月15日這些修正案得到批準(zhǔn)起，開(kāi)始生效。這10條修正案通稱《人權(quán)法案》。主要內(nèi)容是宣布人民有言論、出版、集會(huì)和宗教信仰等自由，規(guī)定非依法律不得最高人民法院關(guān)于人民法院民事執(zhí)行中查封?扣押?凍結(jié)財(cái)產(chǎn)的規(guī)定人、捕人、搜查及沒(méi)收財(cái)產(chǎn)以及刑事訴訟案中的被告有權(quán)要求迅速公審和律師辯護(hù)等等。
(注：在當(dāng)時(shí)的情況下，附有《人權(quán)法案》的10條修正案的1787年美利堅(jiān)合眾國(guó)憲法，確認(rèn)了民主共和、美國(guó)憲法里的三權(quán)分立與人民的權(quán)利自由等制度和原則，具有重大的歷史意義。它對(duì)歐洲、亞洲及拉丁美洲的憲法和資產(chǎn)階級(jí)民主革命，都有重要的影響.)
需要指出的是，世界大國(guó)中，唯有美國(guó)的憲政秩序最為完整，英國(guó)政治體制確立的也很早，但是因?yàn)闆](méi)有剛性憲法，而只是一些憲法性的法律文件，所以真正最有生命力的就是這部條文并不復(fù)雜，也沒(méi)有面面俱到的美國(guó)1787憲法。兩百多年以來(lái)，美國(guó)的這部憲法歷經(jīng)風(fēng)雨，共有27項(xiàng)修正案，而我們國(guó)家的1982年憲法卻已經(jīng)有31項(xiàng)修正案了。依法治國(guó)的基本方略如果沒(méi)有一部具有前瞻性，統(tǒng)領(lǐng)性的穩(wěn)定憲法，其前景是非?？皯n的。事實(shí)上盡管美國(guó)200年來(lái)的風(fēng)風(fēng)雨雨不斷，但是卻總是能夠從憲法中找尋強(qiáng)大的民族凝聚力，兩次世界大戰(zhàn)，各種經(jīng)濟(jì)危機(jī)，種族矛盾以及地域發(fā)展問(wèn)題都被自由民主博愛(ài)的憲法精神所攻堅(jiān)克難。1787憲法早已成為憲法中的圣經(jīng)，并將繼續(xù)發(fā)揮巨大作用。
英文原文
THE 憲法 OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA
March 4, 1789
Preamble
We the people of the United States, in order to form a more perfect union, NU'EST justice, insure domestic tranquility, provide for the common defe印度國(guó)家證券交易所, promote the general welfare, and secure the blessings of liberty to ourselves and our posterity, do ordain and NU'EST this 憲法 for the United States of America.
Article I
Section 1. All legislative powers herein granted shall be vested in a Congress of the United States, which shall consist of a Senate and House of Representatives.
Section 2. The House of Representatives shall be composed of members chosen every second year by the people of the several states, and the electors in each state shall have the qualifications requisite for electors of the most numerous branch of the state legislature.
No person shall be a Representative who shall not have attained to the age of twenty five years, and been seven years a citizen of the United States, and who shall not, when elected, be an inhabitant of that state in which he shall be chosen.
Representatives and direct taxes shall be apportioned among the several states which may be included within this union, according to their respective numbers, which shall be determined by adding to the whole number of free persons, including those bound to service for a term of years, and excluding Indians not taxed, three fifths of all other Persons. The actual Enumeration shall be made within three years after the first meeting of the Congress of the United States, and within every subsequent term of ten years, in such manner as they shall by law direct. The number of Representatives shall not exceed one for every thirty thousand, but each state shall have at least one Representative； and until such enumeration shall be made, the state of New Hampshire shall be entitled to choose three, Massachusetts eight, Rhode Island and Providence Plantations one, Connecticut five, New York six, New Jersey four, Pennsylvania eight, Delaware one, Maryland six, 弗吉尼亞級(jí)核潛艇 ten, North Carolina five, South Carolina five, and Georgia three.
When vacancies happen in the 表征 from any state, the executive authority thereof shall issue writs of 選舉 to fill such vacancies.
The House of Representatives shall choose their speaker and other officers； and shall have the sole 功率 of impeachment.
Section 3. The Senate of the United States shall be composed of two Senators from each state, chosen by the legislature thereof, for six years； and each Senator shall have one vote.Immediately after they shall be assembled in consequence of the first 選舉, they shall be divided as 相等ly as may be into three classes. The seats of the Senators of the first class shall be vacated at the expiration of the second year, of the second class at the expiration of the fourth year, and the third class at the expiration of the sixth year, so that one third may be chosen every second year； and if vacancies happen by resignation, or otherwise, during the recess of the legislature of any state, the executive thereof may make temporary appointments until the NeXT meeting of the legislature, which shall then fill such vacancies.
No person shall be a Senator who shall not have attained to the age of thirty years, and been nine years a citizen of the United States and who shall not, when elected, be an inhabitant of that state for which he shall be chosen.
The Vice President of the United States shall be President of the Senate, but shall have no vote, unless they be 相等ly divided.
The Senate shall choose their other officers, and also a President pro tempore, in the absence of the Vice President, or when he shall exercise the office of President of the United States.
The Senate shall have the sole 功率 to try all impeachments. When sitting for that purpose, they shall be on oath or affirmation. When the President of the United States is tried, the Chief Justice shall preside: And no person shall be convicted without the Concurrence of two thirds of the members present.
Judgment in cases of impeachment shall not extend further than to removal from office, and disqualification to hold and enjoy any office of honor, trust or profit under the United States: but the party convicted shall nevertheless be liable and subject to indictment, trial, judgment and punishment, according to law.
Section 4. The 時(shí)間s, places and manner of holding elections for Senators and Representatives, shall be prescribed in each state by the legislature thereof； but the Congress may at any time by law make or Alter such regulations, except as to the places of choosing Senators.
The Congress shall assemble at least once in every year, and such meeting shall be on the first Monday in December, unless they shall by law appoint a different day.Section 5. Each House shall be the judge of the elections, returns and qualifications of its own members, and a majority of each shall constitute a quorum to do business； but a smaller number may adjourn from day to day, and may be authorized to compel the attendance of absent members, in such manner, and under such penalties as each House may provide.
Each House may determine the rules of its proceedings, punish its members for disorderly behavior, and, with the concurrence of two thirds, expel a member.
Each 浩室音樂(lè) shall keep a journal of its proceedings, and from time to 時(shí)間 publish the same, excepting such parts as may in their judgment require secrecy； and the yeas and nays of the members of either House on any question shall, at the desire of one fifth of those present, be entered on the journal.
Neither House, during the session of Congress, shall, without the consent of the other, adjourn for more than three days, nor to any other place than that in which the two Houses shall be sitting.
Section 6. The Senators and Representatives shall receive a compensation for their 送達(dá)s, to be ascertained by law, and paid out of the treasury of the United States. They shall in all cases, except treason, felony and breach of the peace, be privileged from arrest during their attendance at the session of their respective Houses, and in going to and returning from the same； and for any speech or debate in either House, they shall not be questioned in any other place.
No Senator or Representative shall, during the time for which he was elec曾卓, be appointed to any civil office under the authority of the United States, which shall have been created, or the emoluments whereof shall have been increased during such time； and no person holding any office under the United States, shall be a member of either House during his continuance in office.
Section 7. All bills for raising revenue shall Originate in the House of Representatives； but the Senate may propose or concur with amendments as on other Bills.
Every bill which shall have passed the House of Representatives and the Senate, shall, before it become a law, be presented to the President of the United States； if he approve he shall sign it, but if not he shall return it, with his objections to that House in which it shall have originated, who shall enter the objections at large on their journal, and proceed to reconsider 信息技術(shù) If after such reconsideration two thirds of that House shall agree to pass the bill, it shall be sent, together with the objections, to the other House, by which it shall likewise be reconsidered, and if approved by two thirds of that House, it shall become a M72 LAW. But in all such cases the votes of both Houses shall be determined by yeas and nays, and the names of the persons voting for and against the bill shall be entered on the journal of each House respectively. If any bill shall not be returned by the President within ten days (Sundays excepted) after it shall have been presented to him, the same shall be a law, in like manner as if he had signed it, unless the Congress by their adjournment prevent its return, in which case it shall not be a law.
Every order, 分辨率, or vote to which the concurrence of the Senate and House of Representatives may be necessary (except on a question of adjournment) shall be presented to the President of the United States； and before the same shall take effect, shall be approved by HIM, or being disapproved by him, shall be repassed by two thirds of the Senate and House of Representatives, according to the rules and limitations prescribed in the case of a bill.
Section 8. The Congress shall have 功率 to lay and collect taxes, duties, imposts and excises, to pay the debts and provide for the common defense and general welfare of the United States； but all duties, imposts and excises shall be uniform throughout the United States；
To borrow money on the credit of the Uni曾卓 States；
To regulate commerce with foreign nations, and among the several states, and with the Indian tribes；
To establish a uniform rule of 歸化, and uniform laws on the subject of bankruptcies throughout the United States；
To coin money, regulate the value thereof, and of foreign coin, and fix the standard of weights and measures；
To provide for the punishment of counterfeiting the securities and current coin of the United States；
To establish post offices and post roads；
To promote the progress of science and useful arts, by securing for limited times to authors and inventors the exclusive right to their respective writings and discoveries；
To constitute tribunals inferior to the Supreme 法院；
To define and punish piracies and felonies committed on the high seas, and offenses against the law of nations；
To declare war, grant letters of marque and reprisal, and make rules concerning captures on land and 液態(tài)水；
To raise and support armies, but no appropriation of money to that use shall be for a longer term than two years；
To provide and maintain a navy；
To make rules for the government and regulation of the land and 藏青色 forces；
To provide for calling forth the militia to execute the M72 LAW of the union, suppress insurrections and repel invasions；
To provide for organizing, arming, and disciplining, the militia, and for governing such part of them as may be employed in the service of the United States, reserving to the states respectively, the appointment of the officers, and the authority of training the militia according to the discipline prescribed by Congress；
To exercise exclusive legislation in all cases whatsoever, over such District (not exceeding ten miles square) as may, by cession of particular states, and the acceptance of Congress, become the seat of the government of the United States, and to exercise like authority over all places purchased by the consent of the legislature of the state in which the same shall be, for the erection of forts, magazines, arsenals, dockyards, and other 杭州南風(fēng)廣告有限公司 buildings；
To make all laws which shall be necessary and proper for carrying into execution the foregoing 功率s, and all other powers vested by this 憲法 in the government of the United States, or in any department or officer thereof.
Section 9. The migration or importation of such persons as any of the states now existing shall think proper to admit, shall not be prohibited by the Congress prior to the year one thousand eight hundred and eight, but a tax or duty may be imposed on such importation, not exceeding ten dollars for each person.
The privilege of the writ of habeas corpus shall not be suspended, unless when in cases of rebellion or invasion the public safety may require 信息技術(shù)
No bill of attainder or ex post facto Law shall be passed.
No capitation, or other direct, tax shall be laid, unless in proportion to the census or enumeration herein before directed to be taken.
No tax or duty shall be laid on articles exported from any state.
No preference shall be given by any regulation of commerce or 營(yíng)業(yè)收入 to the ports of one state over those of another: nor shall vessels bound to, or from, one state, be obliged to enter, clear or pay duties in another.
No money shall be drawn from the treasury, but in consequence of appropriations made by law； and a regular statement and account of receipts and expenditures of all public money shall be published from time to 時(shí)間.
No title of nobility shall be granted by the United States: and no person holding any office of profit or trust under them, shall, without the consent of the Congress, accept of any present, emolument, office, or title, of any kind whatever, from any king, prince, or foreign state.
Section 10. No state shall enter into any treaty, Alliance, or confederation； grant letters of marque and reprisal； coin money； emit bills of credit； make anything but gold and silver coin a tender in payment of debts； pass any bill of attainder, ex post facto law, or law impairing the obligation of contracts, or grant any title of nobility.
No state shall, without the consent of the Congress, lay any imposts or duties on imports or exports, except what may be absolutely necessary for executing it s inspection laws: and the net produce of all duties and imposts, laid by any state on imports or exports, shall be for the use of the treasury of the United States； and all such laws shall be subject to the revision and ctrl of the Congress.
No state shall, without the consent of Congress, lay any duty of tonnage, keep troops, or ships of war in time of peace, enter into any agreement or compact with another state, or with a foreign power, or engage in war, unless actually invaded, or in such imminent danger as will not admit of delay.
Article II
Section 1. The executive 功率 shall be vested in a President of the United States of America. He shall hold his office during the term of four years, and, together with the Vice President, chosen for the same term, be elected, as follows:
Each state shall appoint, in such manner as the Legislature thereof may direct, a number of electors, 相等 to the whole number of Senators and Representatives to which the State may be entitled in the Congress: but no Senator or Representative, or person holding an office of trust or profit under the United States, shall be appointed an elector.
The electors shall meet in their respective states, and vote by ballot for two persons, of whom one at least shall not be an inhabitant of the same state with themselves. And they shall make a list of all the persons voted for, and of the number of votes for each； which list they shall sign and certify, and transmit sealed to the seat of the government of the United States, directed to the President of the Senate. The President of the Senate shall, in the presence of the Senate and House of Representatives, open all the certificates, and the votes shall then be counted. The person having the greatest number of votes shall be the President, if such number be a majority of the whole number of electors appointed； and if there be more than one who have such majority, and have an 相等 number of votes, then the House of Representatives shall immediately choose by ballot one of them for President； and if no person have a majority, then from the five highest on the list the said House shall in like manner choose the President. But in choosing the President, the votes shall be taken by States, the 表征 from each state having one vote； A quorum for this purpose shall consist of a member or members from two thirds of the states, and a majority of all the states shall be necessary to a choice. In every case, after the choice of the President, the person having the greatest number of votes of the electors shall be the Vice President. But if there should remain two or more who have equal votes, the Senate shall choose from them by ballot the Vice President.
The Congress may determine the time of choosing the electors, and the day on which they shall give their votes； which day shall be the same throughout the United States.
No person except a natural born citizen, or a citizen of the United States, at the 時(shí)間 of the adoption of this 憲法, shall be eligible to the office of President； neither shall any person be eligible to that office who shall not have attained to the age of thirty five years, and been fourteen Years a resident within the United States.
In case of the removal of the President from office, or of his 死亡, resignation, or inability to discharge the 功率s and duties of the said office, the same shall devolve on the Vice President, and the Congress may by law provide for the case of removal, death, resignation or inability, both of the President and Vice President, declaring what officer shall then act as President, and such officer shall act accordingly, until the disability be removed, or a President shall be elected.
The President shall, at stated times, receive for his services, a compensation, which shall neither be increased nor diminished during the period for which he shall have been elected, and he shall not receive within that period any other emolument from the United States, or any of them.
Before he enter on the execution of his office, he shall take the following oath or affirmation:--"I do solemnly swear (or affirm) that I will faithfully execute the office of President of the United States, and will to the best of my ability, preserve, protect and defend the 憲法 of the United States."
Section 2. The President shall be commander in chief of the 陸軍 and Navy of the United States, and of the militia of the several states, when called into the actual service of the United States； he may require the opinion, in writing, of the principal officer in each of the executive departments, upon any subject relating to the duties of their respective offices, and he shall have 功率 to grant reprieves and pardons for offenses against the United States, except in cases of impeachment.
He shall have power, by and with the advice and consent of the Senate, to make treaties, provided two thirds of the Senators present concur； and he shall nominate, and by and with the advice and consent of the Senate, shall appoint ambassadors, other public ministers and consuls, judges of the Supreme 法院, and all other officers of the United States, whose appointments are not herein otherwise provided for, and which shall be established by law: but the Congress may by law vest the appointment of such inferior officers, as they think proper, in the President alone, in the courts of law, or in the heads of departments.
The President shall have 功率 to fill up all vacancies that may happen during the recess of the Senate, by granting commissions which shall expire at the end of their next session.
Section 3. He shall from 時(shí)間 to time give to the Congress information of the state of the union, and recommend to their consideration such measures as he shall judge necessary and expedient； he may, on extraordinary occasions, convene both Houses, or either of them, and in case of disagreement between them, with respect to the time of adjournment, he may adjourn them to such time as he shall think proper； he shall receive ambassadors and other public ministers； he shall take care that the laws be faithfully executed, and shall commission all the officers of the United States.
Section 4. The President, Vice President and all civil officers of the United States, shall be removed from office on impeachment for, and conviction of, treason, bribery, or other high crimes and misdemeanors.
Article III
Section 1. The judicial 功率 of the United States, shall be vested in one Supreme 法院, and in such inferior courts as the Congress may from time to time ordain and NU'EST The judges, both of the supreme and inferior courts, shall hold their offices during good behaviour, and shall, at stated times, receive for their services, a compensation, which shall not be diminished during their continuance in office.
Section 2. The judicial 功率 shall extend to all cases, in law and 股權(quán), arising under this 憲法, the laws of the United States, and treaties made, or which shall be made, under their authority；--to all cases affecting ambassadors, other public ministers and consuls；--to all cases of admiralty and maritime jurisdiction；--to controversies to which the United States shall be a party；--to controversies between two or more states；--between a state and citizens of another state；--between citizens of different states；--between citizens of the same state claiming lands under grants of different states, and between a state, or the citizens thereof, and foreign states, citizens or subjects.
In all cases affecting ambassadors, other public ministers and consuls, and those in which a state shall be party, the Supreme 法院 shall have original jurisdiction. In all the other cases before mentioned, the Supreme Court shall have appellate jurisdiction, both as to law and fact, with such exceptions, and under such regulations as the Congress shall make.
The trial of all crimes, except in cases of impeachment, shall be by jury； and such trial shall be held in the state where the said crimes shall have been committed； but when not committed within any state, the trial shall be at such place or places as the Congress may by law have directed.
Section 3. Treason against the United States, shall consist only in levying war against them, or in adhering to their enemies, giving them aid and comfort. No person shall be convicted of treason unless on the testimony of two witnesses to the same overt act, or on confession in open court.
The Congress shall have power to declare the punishment of treason, but no attainder of treason shall work corruption of blood, or forfeiture except during the life of the person attainted.
Article IV
Section 1. Full faith and credit shall be given in each state to the public acts, records, and judicial proceedings of every other state. And the Congress may by general laws prescribe the manner in which such acts, records, and proceedings shall be proved, and the effect thereof.
Section 2. The citizens of each state shall be entitled to all privileges and immunities of citizens in the several states.
A person charged in any state with treason, felony, or other 犯罪行為, who shall flee from justice, and be found in another state, shall on demand of the executive authority of the state from which he fled, be delivered up, to be removed to the state having jurisdiction of the 犯罪行為
No person held to service or labor in one state, under the laws thereof, escaping into another, shall, in consequence of any law or regulation therein, be discharged from such service or labor, but shall be delivered up on claim of the party to whom such service or labor may be due.
Section 3. New states may be admitted by the Congress into this union； but no new states shall be formed or erected within the jurisdiction of any other state； nor any state be formed by the junction of two or more states, or parts of states, without the consent of the legislatures of the states concerned as well as of the Congress.
The Congress shall have power to dispose of and make all needful rules and regulations respecting the territory or other property belonging to the United States； and nothing in this 憲法 shall be so construed as to prejudice any claims of the United States, or of any particular state.
Section 4. The United States shall guarantee to every state in this union a republican form of government, and shall protect each of them against invasion； and on application of the legislature, or of the executive (when the legislature cannot be convened) against domestic violence.
Article V
The Congress, whenever two thirds of both houses shall deem it necessary, shall propose amendments to this 憲法, or, on the application of the legislatures of two thirds of the several states, shall call a convention for proposing amendments, which, in either case, shall be valid to all intents and purposes, as part of this 憲法, when ratified by the legislatures of three fourths of the several states, or by conventions in three fourths thereof, as the one or the other 調(diào)式 of ratification may be proposed by the Congress； provided that no amendment which may be made prior to the year one thousand eight hundred and eight shall in any manner affect the first and fourth clauses in the ninth section of the first article； and that no state, without its consent, shall be deprived of its equal suffrage in the Senate.
Article VI
All debts contracted and engagements entered into, before the adoption of this Constitution, shall be as valid against the United States under this 憲法, as under theConfederation.
This Constitution, and the laws of the United States which shall be made in pursuance thereof； and all treaties made, or which shall be made, under the authority of the United States, shall be the supreme law of the land； and the judges in every state shall be bound thereby, anything in the 憲法 or laws of any State to the contrary notwithstanding.
The Senators and Representatives before mentioned, and the members of the several state legislatures, and all executive and judicial officers, both of the United States and of the several states, shall be bound by oath or affirmation, to support this 憲法； but no religious test shall ever be required as a qualification to any office or public trust under the United States.
Article VII
The ratification of the conventions of nine states, shall be sufficient for the establishment of this Constitution between the states so ratifying the 腺苷甲硫氨酸
Done in convention by the unanimous consent of the states present the seventeenth day of September in the year of our Lord one thousand seven hundred and eighty seven and of the independence of the United States of America the twelfth.in witness whereof We have hereunto subscribed our Names,
G. Washington-Presidt. and deputy from 弗吉尼亞級(jí)核潛艇
New Hampshire: John Langdon, Nicholas Gilman
Massachusetts: Nathaniel Gorham, 紅棕逍遙蛛 King
Connecticut: Wm: Saml. Johnson, Roger Sherman
New York: Alexander Hamilton
New Jersey: Wil: Livingston, David Brearly, 威廉與瑪麗學(xué)院 Paterson, Jona: Dayton
Pennsylvania: B. Franklin, Thomas Mifflin, Robt. Morris, Geo. Clymer, Thos. FitzSimons, Jared Ingersoll, James Wilson, Gouv Morris
Delaware: Geo: Read, Gunning 貝德福德 jun, John Dickinson, Richard Bassett, Jaco: 掃帚
Maryland: James McHenry, Dan of St Thos. Jenifer, Danl Carroll
Virginia: John Blair, James Madison Jr.
North Carolina: 威廉與瑪麗學(xué)院 Blount, Richd. Dobbs Spaight, Hu Williamson
South Carolina: J. Rutledge, Charles Cotesworth Pinckney, Charles Pinckney, Pierce Butler
Georgia: William Few, Abr Baldwin
主要內(nèi)容
由序言和七條正文組成，序言部分闡明了美利堅(jiān)合眾國(guó)憲法的目的和宗旨。
序言
我們，美利堅(jiān)合眾國(guó)的人民，為了組織一個(gè)更完善的聯(lián)邦、樹(shù)立正義、保障國(guó)內(nèi)的安寧、建立共同的國(guó)防、增進(jìn)全民福利和確保我們自己及我們后代能安享自由帶來(lái)的幸福，乃為美國(guó)制定和確立這一部憲法。
第一條
第一款 本憲法所規(guī)定的立法權(quán)，全屬合眾國(guó)的斯里蘭卡議會(huì)，國(guó)會(huì)由一個(gè)參議院和一個(gè)眾議院組成。
第二款 眾議院應(yīng)由各州人民每?jī)赡赀x舉一次之議員組成，各州選舉人應(yīng)具有該州州議會(huì)中人數(shù)最多之一院的選舉人所需之資格。凡年齡未滿二十五歲，或取得合眾國(guó)公民資格未滿七年，或于某州當(dāng)選而并非該州居民者，均不得任眾議員。眾議員人數(shù)及直接稅稅額，應(yīng)按聯(lián)邦所轄各州的人口數(shù)目比例分配，此項(xiàng)人口數(shù)目的計(jì)算法，應(yīng)在全體自由人民－－包括訂有契約的短期仆役，但不包括末被課稅的美洲原住民－－數(shù)目之外，再加上所有其他人口之五分之三。實(shí)際人口調(diào)查，應(yīng)于美國(guó)國(guó)會(huì)第一次會(huì)議后三年內(nèi)舉行，并于其后每十年舉行一次，其調(diào)查方法另以法律規(guī)定之。眾議員的數(shù)目，不得超過(guò)每三萬(wàn)人口有眾議員一人，但每州至少應(yīng)有眾議員一人；在舉行人囗調(diào)查以前，各州得按照下列數(shù)目選舉眾議員 :新罕布什爾州三人、麻薩諸塞八人、羅德島及普羅維登斯墾殖區(qū)一人、康涅狄格五人、紐約州六人．新澤西州四人、賓夕法尼亞八人、特拉華州一人、馬里蘭州六人、弗吉尼亞十人、北卡羅來(lái)納州五人、南卡羅來(lái)納州五人、格魯吉亞三人。任何一州的眾議員有缺額時(shí)，該州的行政長(zhǎng)官應(yīng)頒選舉令，選出眾議員以補(bǔ)充缺額。眾議院應(yīng)選舉該除議長(zhǎng)及其他官員；只有眾議院具有提出彈劾案的權(quán)力。
第三款 合眾國(guó)的參議院由每州的州議會(huì)選舉兩名參議員組成之，參議員的任期為六年，每名參議員有一票表決權(quán)。參議員于第一次選舉后舉行會(huì)議之時(shí)，應(yīng)當(dāng)立即盡量均等地分成三組。第一組參議員的任期，到第二年年終時(shí)屆滿，第二組到第四年年終時(shí)屆滿，第三組到第六年年終時(shí)屆滿，俾使每?jī)赡暧腥种坏膮⒆h員改選；如果在某州州議會(huì)休會(huì)期間，有參議員因辭職或其它原因出缺，該州的行政長(zhǎng)官得任命臨時(shí)參議員，等到州議會(huì)下次集會(huì)時(shí)，再予選舉補(bǔ)缺。凡年齡未滿三十歲，或取得合眾國(guó)公民資格未滿九年，或于某州當(dāng)選而并非該州居民者，均不得任參議員。合眾國(guó)副總統(tǒng)應(yīng)為參議院議長(zhǎng)，除非在投票票數(shù)相等時(shí)，議長(zhǎng)無(wú)投票權(quán)。參議院應(yīng)選舉該院的其他官員，在副總統(tǒng)缺席或執(zhí)行合眾國(guó)總統(tǒng)職務(wù)時(shí)，還應(yīng)選舉臨時(shí)議長(zhǎng)。所有彈劾案，只有參議院有權(quán)審理。在開(kāi)庭審理彈劾案時(shí)，參議員們均應(yīng)宣誓或誓愿。如受審者為合眾國(guó)總統(tǒng)，則應(yīng)由最高法院首席大法官擔(dān)任主席；在未得出席的參議員的三分之二的同意時(shí)，任何人不得被判有罪。彈劾案的判決，不得超過(guò)免職及取消其擔(dān)任合眾國(guó)政府任何有榮譽(yù)、有責(zé)任或有俸給的職位之資格；但被判處者仍須服從另?yè)?jù)法律所作之控訴、審訊、判決及懲罰。
第四款 各州州議會(huì)應(yīng)規(guī)定本州島參議員及眾議員之選舉時(shí)間、地點(diǎn)及程序；但國(guó)會(huì)得隨時(shí)以法律制定或變更此種規(guī)定，惟有選舉議員的地點(diǎn)不在此例。斯里蘭卡議會(huì)應(yīng)至少每年集會(huì)一次，開(kāi)會(huì)日期應(yīng)為十二月的第一個(gè)星期一，除非他們通過(guò)法律來(lái)指定另一個(gè)日期。
第五款 參眾兩院應(yīng)各自審查本院的選舉、選舉結(jié)果報(bào)告和本院議員的資格，每院議員過(guò)半數(shù)即構(gòu)成可以議事的法定人數(shù)；不足法定人數(shù)時(shí)，可以一天推一天地延期開(kāi)會(huì)，并有權(quán)依照各該議院所規(guī)定的程序和罰則，強(qiáng)迫缺席的議員出席。參眾兩院得各自規(guī)定本院的議事規(guī)則，處罰本院擾亂秩序的議員，并且得以三分之二的同意，開(kāi)除本院的議員。參眾兩院應(yīng)各自保存一份議事記錄，并經(jīng)常公布，惟各該院認(rèn)為應(yīng)保守秘密之部分除外；兩院議員對(duì)于每一問(wèn)題之贊成或反對(duì)，如有五分之一出席議員請(qǐng)求，則應(yīng)記載于議事記錄內(nèi)。在國(guó)會(huì)開(kāi)會(huì)期間，任一議院未得別院同意，不得休會(huì)三日以上，亦不得遷往非兩院開(kāi)會(huì)的其他地點(diǎn)。
第六款 參議員與眾議員得因其服務(wù)而獲報(bào)酬，報(bào)酬的多寡由法律定之，并由合眾國(guó)國(guó)庫(kù)支付。兩院議員除犯叛國(guó)罪、重罪以及擾亂治安罪外，在出席各該院會(huì)議及往返各該院途中，有不受逮捕之特權(quán)；兩院議員在議院內(nèi)所發(fā)表之演說(shuō)及辯論，在其它場(chǎng)合不受質(zhì)詢。參議員或眾議員不得在其當(dāng)選任期內(nèi)擔(dān)任合眾國(guó)政府任何新添設(shè)的職位，或在其任期內(nèi)支取因新職位而增添的俸給；在合眾國(guó)政府供職的人，不得在其任職期間擔(dān)任國(guó)會(huì)議員。
第七款 有關(guān)征稅的所有法案應(yīng)在眾議院中提出；但參議院得以處理其它法案的方式，以修正案提出建議或表示同意。經(jīng)眾議院和參議院通過(guò)的法案，在正式成為法律之前，須呈送合眾國(guó)總統(tǒng)；總統(tǒng)如批準(zhǔn)，便須簽署，如不批準(zhǔn)，即應(yīng)連同他的異議把它退還給原來(lái)提出該案的議院，該議院應(yīng)將異議詳細(xì)記入議事記錄，然后進(jìn)行復(fù)議。倘若在復(fù)議之后，該議院議員的三分之二仍然同意通過(guò)該法案，該院即應(yīng)將該法案連同異議書(shū)送交另一院，由其同樣予以復(fù)議，若此另一院亦以三分之二的多數(shù)通過(guò)，該法案即成為法律。但遇有這樣的情形時(shí)，兩院的表決均應(yīng)以贊同或反對(duì)來(lái)定，而贊同和反對(duì)該法案的議員的姓名，均應(yīng)由兩院分別記載于各該院的議事記錄之內(nèi)。如總統(tǒng)接到法案后十日之內(nèi) (星期日除外) ,不將之退還，該法案即等于曾由總統(tǒng)簽署一樣，成為法律¨準(zhǔn)有當(dāng)斯里蘭卡議會(huì)休會(huì)因而無(wú)法將該法案退還時(shí)，該法案才不得成為法律。任何命令、決議或表決 (有關(guān)休會(huì)問(wèn)題者除外) ,凡須由參議院及眾議院予以同意者，均應(yīng)呈送合眾國(guó)總統(tǒng)；經(jīng)其此準(zhǔn)之后，方始生效，如總統(tǒng)不予批準(zhǔn)，則參眾兩院可依照對(duì)于通過(guò)法案所規(guī)定的各種規(guī)則和限制，各以三分之二的多數(shù)，再行通過(guò)。
第八款 國(guó)會(huì)有權(quán)規(guī)定并征收稅金、捐稅、關(guān)稅和其它賦稅，用以償付公債并為合眾國(guó)的共同防御和全民福利提供經(jīng)費(fèi)；但是各種捐稅、關(guān)稅和其它賦稅，在合眾國(guó)內(nèi)應(yīng)劃一征收；以合眾國(guó)的信用舉債；管理與外國(guó)的、州與州間的，以及對(duì)印第安部落的貿(mào)易；制定在合眾國(guó)內(nèi)一致適用的歸化條例，和有關(guān)破產(chǎn)的一致適用的法律；鑄造貨幣，調(diào)議其價(jià)值，并厘定外幣價(jià)值，以及制定度量衡的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)；制定對(duì)偽造合眾國(guó)證券和貨幣的懲罰條例；設(shè)立郵政局及延造驛路；為促進(jìn)科學(xué)和實(shí)用技藝的進(jìn)步，對(duì)作家和發(fā)明家的著作和發(fā)明，在一定期限內(nèi)給予專利權(quán)的保障；設(shè)置最高法院以下的各級(jí)法院；界定并懲罰海盜罪、在公海所犯的重罪和違背國(guó)際法的罪行；宣戰(zhàn)，對(duì)民用船蘋(píng)頒發(fā)捕押敵船及采取報(bào)復(fù)行動(dòng)的特許證，制定在陸地和海面虜獲戰(zhàn)利晶的規(guī)則；募集和維持陸軍，但每次撥充該項(xiàng)費(fèi)用的款項(xiàng)，其有效期不得超過(guò)兩年；配備和保持海軍；制定有開(kāi)管理和控制陸海軍隊(duì)的各種條例；制定召集地方武裝的條例，以便執(zhí)行聯(lián)邦法律，鎮(zhèn)壓叛亂和擊退侵略；規(guī)定民兵的組織、裝備和訓(xùn)練，以及民兵為合眾國(guó)服務(wù)時(shí)的管理辦法，但各州保留其軍官任命權(quán)，和依照斯里蘭卡議會(huì)規(guī)定的條例訓(xùn)練其民團(tuán)的權(quán)力；對(duì)于由某州讓與而由國(guó)會(huì)承受，用以充當(dāng)合眾國(guó)政府所在地的地區(qū) (不逾十哩見(jiàn)方) ,握有對(duì)其一切事務(wù)的全部立法權(quán)；對(duì)于經(jīng)州議會(huì)同意，向州政府購(gòu)得，用以建筑要塞、彈藥庫(kù)、兵工廠、船塢和其它必要建筑物的地方，也握有同樣的權(quán)力；－－并且為了行使上述各項(xiàng)權(quán)力，以及行使本憲法賦予合眾國(guó)政府或其各部門(mén)或其官員的種種權(quán)力，制定一切必要的和適當(dāng)?shù)姆伞?/p>
第九款 對(duì)于現(xiàn)有任何一州所認(rèn)為的應(yīng)準(zhǔn)其移民或入境的人，在一八O八年以前，國(guó)會(huì)不得加以禁止，但可以對(duì)入境者課稅，惟以每人不超過(guò)十美元為限。不得中止人身保護(hù)令所保障的特權(quán)，惟在叛亂或受到侵犯的情況下，出于公共安全的必要時(shí)不在此限。不得通過(guò)任何奪公權(quán)的法案或者追溯既往的法律。除非按本憲法所規(guī)定的人口調(diào)查或統(tǒng)計(jì)之比例，不得征收任何人口稅或其它直接稅。對(duì)各州輸出之貨物，不得課稅。任何有關(guān)商務(wù)或納稅的條例，均不得賦予某一州的港口以優(yōu)惠待遇；亦不得強(qiáng)迫任何開(kāi)往或來(lái)自某一州的船蘋(píng)，駛?cè)牖蝰偝隽硪恢?，或向另一州納稅。除了依照法律的規(guī)定撥款之外，不得自國(guó)庫(kù)中提出任何款項(xiàng)；一切公款收支的報(bào)告和帳目，應(yīng)經(jīng)常公布。合眾國(guó)不得頒發(fā)任何貴族爵位: 凡是在合眾國(guó)政府擔(dān)任有俸給或有責(zé)任之職務(wù)者，末經(jīng)國(guó)會(huì)許可，不得接受任何國(guó)王、王子或外國(guó)的任何禮物、薪酬、職務(wù)或爵位。
第十款 各州不得締結(jié)任何條約、結(jié)盟或組織南北戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)；不得對(duì)民用船蘋(píng)頒發(fā)捕押敵船及采取報(bào)復(fù)行動(dòng)之特許證；不得鑄造貨幣；不得發(fā)行紙幣；不得指定金銀幣以外的物品作為償還債務(wù)的法定貨幣；不得通過(guò)任何褫奪公權(quán)的法案、追溯既往的法律和損害契約義務(wù)的法律；也不得頒發(fā)任何貴族爵位。未經(jīng)斯里蘭卡議會(huì)同意，各州不得對(duì)進(jìn)口貨物或出口貨物征收任何稅款，但為了執(zhí)行該州的檢查法律而有絕對(duì)的必要時(shí)，不在此限；任何州對(duì)于進(jìn)出囗貨物所征的稅，其凈收益應(yīng)歸合眾國(guó)國(guó)庫(kù)使用；所有這一類的檢查法律，國(guó)會(huì)對(duì)之有修正和監(jiān)督之權(quán)。未經(jīng)國(guó)會(huì)同意，各州不得征收船舶噸位稅，不得在和平時(shí)期保持軍隊(duì)和軍艦，不得和另外一州或國(guó)締結(jié)任何協(xié)定或契約，除非實(shí)際遭受入侵，或者遇到刻不容緩的危急情形時(shí)，不得從事戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)。
第二條
第一款 行政權(quán)力賦予美國(guó)總統(tǒng)?？偨y(tǒng)任期四年，總統(tǒng)和具有同樣任期的副總統(tǒng)，應(yīng)照下列手續(xù)選舉 :每州應(yīng)依照該州州議會(huì)所規(guī)定之手續(xù)，指定選舉人若干名，其人數(shù)應(yīng)與該州在斯里蘭卡議會(huì)之參議員及眾議員之總數(shù)相等；但參議員、眾議員及任何在合眾國(guó)政府擔(dān)任有責(zé)任及有俸給之職務(wù)的人，均不得被指定為選舉人。各選舉人應(yīng)于其本身所屬的州內(nèi)集會(huì)，每人投票選舉二人，其中至少應(yīng)有一人不屬本州島居民。選舉人應(yīng)開(kāi)列全體被選人名單，注明每人所得票數(shù)；他們還應(yīng)簽名作證明，并將封印后的名單送至合眾國(guó)政府所在地交與參議院議長(zhǎng)。參議院議長(zhǎng)應(yīng)于參眾兩院全體議員之前，開(kāi)拆所有來(lái)件，然后計(jì)算票數(shù)。得票最多者，如其所得票數(shù)超過(guò)全體選舉人的半數(shù)，即當(dāng)選為總統(tǒng)；如同時(shí)不止一人得票過(guò)半數(shù)，旦又得同等票數(shù)，則眾議院應(yīng)立即投票表決，選畢其中一人為總統(tǒng)；如無(wú)人得票過(guò)半數(shù)，則眾議院應(yīng)自得票最多之前五名中用同樣方法選舉總統(tǒng)。但依此法選舉總統(tǒng)時(shí)，應(yīng)以州為單位，每州之代表共有一票；如全國(guó)三分之二的州各有一名或多名眾議員出席，即構(gòu)成選舉總統(tǒng)的法定人數(shù)；當(dāng)選總統(tǒng)者需獲全部州的過(guò)半數(shù)票。在每次這樣的選舉中，于總統(tǒng)選出后，其獲得選舉人所投票數(shù)最多者，即為副總統(tǒng)。但如有二人或二人以上得票相等時(shí)，則應(yīng)由參議院投票表決，選學(xué)其中一人為副總統(tǒng)。國(guó)會(huì)得決定各州選出選舉人的時(shí)期以及他們投票的日子；投票日期全國(guó)一律。只有出生時(shí)為合眾國(guó)公民，或在本憲法實(shí)施時(shí)已為合眾國(guó)公民者，可被選為總統(tǒng)；凡年齡未滿三十五歲，或居住合眾國(guó)境內(nèi)未滿十四年者，不得被選為總統(tǒng)。如遇總統(tǒng)被免職，或因死亡、辭職或喪失能力而不能執(zhí)行其權(quán)力及職務(wù)時(shí)，總統(tǒng)職權(quán)應(yīng)由副總統(tǒng)執(zhí)行之。國(guó)會(huì)得以法律規(guī)定，在總統(tǒng)及副總統(tǒng)均被免職，或死亡、辭職或喪失能力時(shí)，由何人代理總統(tǒng)職務(wù)，該人應(yīng)即遵此視事，至總統(tǒng)能力恢復(fù)，或新總統(tǒng)被選出時(shí)為止。總統(tǒng)得因其服務(wù)而在規(guī)定的時(shí)間內(nèi)接受俸給，在其任期之內(nèi)，俸金數(shù)額不得增加或減低，他亦不得在此任期內(nèi)，自合眾國(guó)政府和任何州政府接受其它報(bào)酬。在他就職之前，他應(yīng)宣誓或誓愿如下: －－「我鄭重宣誓(或矢言) 我必忠誠(chéng)地執(zhí)行合眾國(guó)總統(tǒng)的職務(wù)，并盡我最大的能力，維持、保護(hù)和捍衛(wèi)合眾國(guó)憲法。
第二款 總統(tǒng)為合眾國(guó)陸海軍的總司令，并在各州民團(tuán)奉召為合眾國(guó)執(zhí)行任務(wù)的擔(dān)任統(tǒng)帥；他可以要求每個(gè)行政部門(mén)的主管官員提出有關(guān)他們職務(wù)的任何事件的書(shū)面意見(jiàn) ,除了彈劫案之外，他有權(quán)對(duì)于違犯合眾國(guó)法律者頒賜緩刑和特赦。總統(tǒng)有權(quán)締訂條約，但須爭(zhēng)取參議院的意見(jiàn)和同意，并須出席的參議員中三分之二的人贊成；他有權(quán)提名，并于取得參議院的意見(jiàn)和同意后，任命大使、公使及領(lǐng)事、最高法院的法官，以及一切其他在本憲法中未經(jīng)明定、但以后將依法律的規(guī)定而設(shè)置之合眾國(guó)官員；國(guó)會(huì)可以制定法律，酌情把這些較低級(jí)官員的任命權(quán)，授予總統(tǒng)本人，授予法院，或授予各行政部門(mén)的首長(zhǎng)。在參議院休會(huì)期間，如遇有職位出缺，總統(tǒng)有權(quán)任命官員補(bǔ)充缺額，任期于參議院下屆會(huì)議結(jié)束時(shí)終結(jié)。
第三款 總統(tǒng)應(yīng)經(jīng)常向國(guó)會(huì)報(bào)告聯(lián)邦的情況，并向國(guó)會(huì)提出他認(rèn)為必要和適當(dāng)?shù)拇胧┢淇紤]；在特殊情況下，他得召集兩院或其中一院開(kāi)會(huì)，并得于兩院對(duì)于休會(huì)時(shí)間意見(jiàn)不一致時(shí)，命令兩院休會(huì)到他認(rèn)為適當(dāng)?shù)臅r(shí)期為止；他應(yīng)接見(jiàn)大使和公使；他應(yīng)注意使法律切實(shí)執(zhí)行，并任命所有合眾國(guó)的軍官。
第四款 合眾國(guó)總統(tǒng)、副總統(tǒng)及其他所有文官，因叛國(guó)、賄賂或其它重罪和輕罪，被彈劾而判罪者，均應(yīng)免職。
第三條
第一款 合眾國(guó)的司法權(quán)屬于一個(gè)最高法院以及由國(guó)會(huì)隨時(shí)下令設(shè)立的低級(jí)法院。最高法院和低級(jí)法院的法官，如果盡忠職守，應(yīng)繼續(xù)任職，并按期接受俸給作為其服務(wù)之報(bào)酬，在其繼續(xù)任職期間，該項(xiàng)俸給不得削減。
第二款 司法權(quán)適用的范圍，應(yīng)包括在本憲法、合眾國(guó)法律、和合眾國(guó)已訂的及將訂的條約之下發(fā)生的一切涉及普通法及衡平法的案件；一切有關(guān)大使、公使及領(lǐng)事的案件；一切有關(guān)海上裁判權(quán)及海事裁判權(quán)的案件；合眾國(guó)為當(dāng)事一方的訴訟；州與州之間的訴訟，州與另一州的公民之間的訴訟，一州公民與另一州公民之間的訴訟，同州公民之間為不同之州所讓與之土地而爭(zhēng)執(zhí)的訴訟，以及一州或其公民與外國(guó)政府、公民或其屬民之間的訴訟。在一切有關(guān)大使、公使、領(lǐng)事以及州為當(dāng)事一方的案件中，最高法院有最初審理權(quán)。在上述所有其它案件中，最高法院有關(guān)于法律和事實(shí)的受理上訴權(quán)，但由斯里蘭卡議會(huì)規(guī)定為例外及另有處理?xiàng)l例者，不在此限。對(duì)一切罪行的審判，除了彈劫案以外，均應(yīng)由陪審團(tuán)裁定，并且該審判應(yīng)在罪案發(fā)生的州內(nèi)舉行；但如罪案發(fā)生地點(diǎn)并不在任何一州之內(nèi)，該項(xiàng)審判應(yīng)在國(guó)會(huì)按法律指定之地點(diǎn)或幾個(gè)地點(diǎn)學(xué)行。
第三款 只有對(duì)合眾國(guó)發(fā)動(dòng)戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)，或投向它的敵人，予敵人以協(xié)助及方便者，方構(gòu)成叛國(guó)罪。無(wú)論何人，如非經(jīng)由兩個(gè)證人證明他的公然的叛國(guó)行為，或經(jīng)由本人在公開(kāi)法庭認(rèn)罪者，均不得被判叛國(guó)罪。國(guó)會(huì)有權(quán)宣布對(duì)于叛國(guó)罪的懲處，但因叛國(guó)罪而被褫奪公權(quán)者，其后人之繼承權(quán)不受影響，叛國(guó)者之財(cái)產(chǎn)亦只能在其本人生存期間被沒(méi)收。
第四條
第一款各州對(duì)其它各州的公共法案、記錄、和司法程序，應(yīng)給予完全的信賴和尊重。國(guó)會(huì)得制定一般法律，用以規(guī)定這種法案、記錄、和司法程序如何證明以及具有何等效力。
第二款 每州公民應(yīng)享受各州公民所有之一切特權(quán)及豁免。凡在任何一州被控犯有叛國(guó)罪、重罪或其它罪行者，逃出法外而在另一州被緝獲時(shí)，該州應(yīng)即依照該罪犯所逃出之州的行政當(dāng)局之請(qǐng)求，將該罪犯交出，以便移交至該犯罪案件有管轄權(quán)之州。凡根據(jù)一州之法律應(yīng)在該州服役或服勞役者，逃往另一州時(shí)，不得因另一州之任何法律或條例，解除其服役或勞役，而應(yīng)依照有權(quán)要求該項(xiàng)服役或勞役之當(dāng)事一方的要求，把人交出。
第三款 斯里蘭卡議會(huì)得準(zhǔn)許新州加入聯(lián)邦；如無(wú)有關(guān)各州之州議會(huì)及國(guó)會(huì)之同意，不得于任何州之管轄區(qū)域內(nèi)建立新南威爾士州；亦不得合并兩州或數(shù)州、或數(shù)州之一部分而成立新州。國(guó)會(huì)有權(quán)處置合眾國(guó)之屬地及其它產(chǎn)業(yè)，并制定有關(guān)這些屬地及產(chǎn)業(yè)的一切必要的法規(guī)和章則；本憲法中任何條文，不得作有損于合眾國(guó)或任何一州之權(quán)利的解釋。
第四款 合眾國(guó)保證聯(lián)邦中的每一州皆為共和政體，保障它們不受外來(lái)的侵略；并且根據(jù)各州州議會(huì)或行政部門(mén) (當(dāng)州議會(huì)不能召集時(shí)) 的請(qǐng)求，平定其內(nèi)部的暴亂。
第五條
舉凡兩院議員各以三分之二的多數(shù)認(rèn)為必要時(shí)，國(guó)會(huì)應(yīng)提出對(duì)本憲法的修正案；或者, 當(dāng)現(xiàn)有諸州三分之二的州議會(huì)提出請(qǐng)求時(shí)，法國(guó)議會(huì)應(yīng)召集修憲大會(huì)，以上兩種修正案，如經(jīng)諸州四分之三的州議會(huì)或四分之三的州修憲大會(huì)批準(zhǔn)時(shí)，即成為本憲法之一部分而發(fā)生全部效力，至于采用那一種批準(zhǔn)方式，則由國(guó)會(huì)議決；但一八○八年以前可能制定之修正案，在任何情形下，不得影響本憲法第一條第九款之第一、第四兩項(xiàng)；任何一州，沒(méi)有它的同意，不得被剝奪它在參議院中的平等投票權(quán)。
第六條
合眾國(guó)政府于本憲法被批準(zhǔn)之前所積欠之債務(wù)及所簽訂之條約，于本憲法通過(guò)后，具有和在邦聯(lián)政府時(shí)同等的效力。本憲法及依本憲法所制定之合眾國(guó)法律；以及合眾國(guó)已經(jīng)締結(jié)及將要締結(jié)的一切條約，皆為全國(guó)之最高法律；每個(gè)州的法官都應(yīng)受其約束，任何一州憲法或法律中的任何內(nèi)容與之抵觸時(shí)，均不得有違這一規(guī)定。前述之參議員及眾議員，各州州議會(huì)議員，合眾國(guó)政府及各州政府之一切行政及司法官員，均應(yīng)宣誓或誓愿擁護(hù)本憲法；但合眾國(guó)政府之任何職位或公職，皆不得以任何宗教標(biāo)準(zhǔn)作為任職的必要條件。
第七條
本憲法經(jīng)過(guò)九個(gè)州的制憲大會(huì)批準(zhǔn)后，即在批準(zhǔn)本憲法的各州之間開(kāi)始生效。
本憲法于公元1787年，即美利堅(jiān)合眾國(guó)獨(dú)立后第12年的9月17日，經(jīng)出席制憲會(huì)議的各州在會(huì)上一致同意后制定。我們謹(jǐn)在此簽名作證。
憲法修正案
自1787年憲法制定以來(lái)，美國(guó)共有修正案29條（第29條為修正案提案），至1995年為止，前27條修正案已經(jīng)各州批準(zhǔn)而生效。
1-10條修正案，是關(guān)于公民權(quán)利的規(guī)定。1789年第一屆國(guó)會(huì)召開(kāi)，提出了關(guān)于公民基本權(quán)利的前10條修正案，又稱《人權(quán)法案》。主要內(nèi)容為：斯里蘭卡議會(huì)不得制定限制公民言論、出版自由，或剝奪公民和平集會(huì)和請(qǐng)?jiān)傅臋?quán)利的法案；公民的人身、住宅、文件和財(cái)產(chǎn)不受無(wú)理搜查和最高人民法院關(guān)于人民法院民事執(zhí)行中查封?扣押?凍結(jié)財(cái)產(chǎn)的規(guī)定的權(quán)利不得侵犯；無(wú)論何人不得因同一犯罪行為而兩次遭受生命或身體的處罰，不得在任何刑事案件中被迫自證其罪；不經(jīng)正當(dāng)法律程序，不得被剝奪生命、自由和財(cái)產(chǎn)。
第11-27條主要涉及蓄奴制度的廢除，選舉制度的改革，正當(dāng)法律程序和法律的平等保護(hù)以及種族平等、男女平權(quán)等問(wèn)題。
憲法修正案是美利堅(jiān)合眾國(guó)憲法的重要組成部分，代表了美國(guó)憲法制度的基本發(fā)展方向。
憲法解釋
美國(guó)的憲法實(shí)踐表明，聯(lián)邦最高法院的司法解釋是修改和完善憲法的重要途徑。
聯(lián)邦最高法院對(duì)憲法的解釋權(quán)是通過(guò)1803年的“馬伯里訴麥迪遜案”確立的。根據(jù)其確立的聯(lián)邦最高法院的司法審查權(quán)，最高法院在案件審理過(guò)程中就所涉及的州憲法和法律以及聯(lián)邦法律是否合憲問(wèn)題進(jìn)行審查，對(duì)憲法條文的含義進(jìn)行解釋，這種解釋往往使憲法條文的含義得到修正、擴(kuò)充或改變。
特點(diǎn)
1787年憲法體現(xiàn)了三大原則，聯(lián)邦制原則、分權(quán)與制衡原則、民主原則。
分權(quán)原則：憲法規(guī)定立法權(quán)、行政權(quán)、司法權(quán)分屬于斯里蘭卡議會(huì)、總統(tǒng)和法院。國(guó)會(huì)是國(guó)家立法機(jī)關(guān)，由選舉產(chǎn)生，有一定任期。總統(tǒng)享有發(fā)布行政命令的權(quán)力；聯(lián)邦法院法官實(shí)行終身制，法院審理案件時(shí)，不受總統(tǒng)和國(guó)會(huì)的干涉。分權(quán)原則不僅表現(xiàn)在聯(lián)邦政府立法行政司法三機(jī)關(guān)的權(quán)力分立上，而且表現(xiàn)在聯(lián)邦政府與州政府的權(quán)力分配上。
制衡原則：根據(jù)憲法規(guī)定，國(guó)會(huì)通過(guò)法律，必須得到參眾兩院的同意。兩院通過(guò)的法律，如果總統(tǒng)不同意，可以行使否決權(quán)，總統(tǒng)對(duì)國(guó)會(huì)通過(guò)的法案還有擱置否決權(quán)?？偨y(tǒng)及其政府的活動(dòng)經(jīng)費(fèi)必須由國(guó)會(huì)通過(guò)預(yù)算法案，國(guó)會(huì)可以三分之二的多數(shù)票推翻總統(tǒng)的否決權(quán)。聯(lián)邦法院法官由總統(tǒng)取得參議院同意后才能任命，國(guó)會(huì)可彈劾法官，可通過(guò)法律來(lái)決定法院的編制，聯(lián)邦最高法院對(duì)國(guó)會(huì)通過(guò)的法律和總統(tǒng)發(fā)布的命令有權(quán)進(jìn)行司法審查并宣布違憲而使之無(wú)效。
限權(quán)政府原則。政府職權(quán)和組織活動(dòng)都由法律規(guī)定，政府必須在法律范圍內(nèi)進(jìn)行活動(dòng)的法治原則。限權(quán)政府原則還具體表現(xiàn)在關(guān)于個(gè)人權(quán)利和自由的規(guī)定上，政府在行使權(quán)力的時(shí)候，必須保證個(gè)人權(quán)利和自由。
評(píng)價(jià)
進(jìn)步性
1787年憲法規(guī)定美國(guó)是一個(gè)聯(lián)邦制國(guó)家，聯(lián)邦權(quán)力高于各州權(quán)力，采用行政、立法、司法美國(guó)憲法里的三權(quán)分立，相互制衡的原則，肯定了資產(chǎn)階級(jí)民主共和政體。這部憲法由序言和7條正文組成。第1條包括10節(jié)，規(guī)定美國(guó)國(guó)會(huì)的組成及其職權(quán)。第2條包括4節(jié)，規(guī)定總統(tǒng)的職權(quán)和產(chǎn)生辦法。第3條包括3節(jié)，規(guī)定美國(guó)聯(lián)邦法院的組成及其職權(quán)。第4條包括4節(jié)，主要內(nèi)容是規(guī)定各州的權(quán)利。第5條主要是規(guī)定憲法修正案提出和通過(guò)的程序。第6條主要是規(guī)定美利堅(jiān)合眾國(guó)憲法和根據(jù)憲法制定的法律為全國(guó)最高法律，各州法官均必須遵守。第7條規(guī)定憲法經(jīng)9個(gè)州批準(zhǔn)后生效。根據(jù)這部憲法，美國(guó)成為一個(gè)擁有統(tǒng)一的中央政權(quán)的聯(lián)邦，以代替過(guò)去松散的邦聯(lián)。雖然各州仍保有相當(dāng)廣泛的自主權(quán)，但新憲法使聯(lián)邦政府的權(quán)力大為加強(qiáng)。在當(dāng)時(shí)的歷史條件下，這有利于鞏固美國(guó)戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)的成果，促進(jìn)資本主義的發(fā)展。
是近代第一部成文憲法。一方面，它是美國(guó)經(jīng)濟(jì)和政治生活的最高準(zhǔn)則。另一方面，所設(shè)計(jì)的制度對(duì)世界上很多國(guó)家產(chǎn)生了影響。比如分權(quán)制衡制度、正當(dāng)法律程序條款、違憲審查制度、總統(tǒng)制共和政體和聯(lián)邦制模式。
兩面性
1787年美利堅(jiān)合眾國(guó)憲法主要包含一個(gè)簡(jiǎn)短的序言和7條本文，概括起來(lái)，有兩方面的基本內(nèi)容：
1．美國(guó)憲法確認(rèn)了某些資產(chǎn)階級(jí)的民主原則。包括：
（1）分權(quán)與制衡原則。立法、行政、司法三權(quán)分別由國(guó)會(huì)、總統(tǒng)和聯(lián)邦法院行使，這三權(quán)之間分立的狀態(tài)十分明顯，同時(shí)又保持著一種互相牽制互相平衡的關(guān)系；
（2）有限政府原則。它與法治原則相聯(lián)系，即聯(lián)邦政府的權(quán)利要受法律限制，不能超越法律規(guī)定的限度；
（3）代議政府原則，它與人民主權(quán)原則相聯(lián)系。美利堅(jiān)合眾國(guó)憲法序言中顯示出美國(guó)人民是憲法的制定者，但必須通過(guò)選派代表管理國(guó)家。
2．美國(guó)憲法顯現(xiàn)的某些反民主內(nèi)容。包括：
（1）公開(kāi)承認(rèn)奴隸制，如憲法第1條第2款、第9款，分別以法律形式確認(rèn)了奴隸制度的合法性，同時(shí)明確說(shuō)明奴隸買(mǎi)賣(mài)可延續(xù)到1808年；
（2）輕率對(duì)待公民權(quán)利。憲法從特定意義上可以說(shuō)是公民權(quán)利的保障書(shū)，可是獲得獨(dú)立后的美國(guó)卻沒(méi)有在憲法中規(guī)定關(guān)于公民的基本權(quán)利，制憲代表解釋說(shuō)這種權(quán)利在各州法中已有規(guī)定。而實(shí)質(zhì)上美利堅(jiān)合眾國(guó)憲法并末確認(rèn)各州法規(guī)定的關(guān)于公民基本權(quán)利的效力，即便是默認(rèn)，但因各州規(guī)定不同，公民享受的權(quán)利有所差異。
局限性
（1）憲法允許奴隸制度的存在，這是它反民主的表現(xiàn)，而且在分配眾議院各州代表名額時(shí)，黑人人口按3/5的人口折算，這就更加降低了奴隸的地位。
（2）憲法明文規(guī)定了保留種族歧視的條款，不承認(rèn)黑人、印第安人、婦女具有和南非白人男子相等的權(quán)利.
這部憲法以后陸續(xù)附有其他17條修正案。其中較重要的有：1865年生效的關(guān)于廢除奴隸制的第13條修正案；1920年生效的關(guān)于美國(guó)婦女享有選舉權(quán)的第19條修正案；1964年生效的關(guān)于選舉時(shí)取消人頭稅限制的第24條修正案；1971年生效的關(guān)于降低公民選舉年齡為18歲的第26條修正案，迄今這26條修正案均已成為1787年憲法的一部分正式生效。1972年國(guó)會(huì)通過(guò)的關(guān)于男女權(quán)利平等的第27條憲法修正案，在得到 3/4的多數(shù)州議會(huì)批準(zhǔn)后，也成為美利堅(jiān)合眾國(guó)憲法的一部分。
意義
積極
（1）1787年憲法是世界上第一部比較完整的資產(chǎn)階級(jí)成文憲法，奠定了美國(guó)政治制度法律基礎(chǔ)。首創(chuàng)違憲審查制度，這一制度真正賦予了憲法以根本法的地位，它將一切法律都置于憲法精神的統(tǒng)治之下，一切法律權(quán)利最終都起源并歸結(jié)于憲法權(quán)利。這一制度的實(shí)施，不僅對(duì)維護(hù)法制的統(tǒng)一、調(diào)整統(tǒng)治階級(jí)內(nèi)部關(guān)系具有積極意義，而且創(chuàng)造了發(fā)展憲法、實(shí)現(xiàn)憲法監(jiān)督和保障的獨(dú)特模式。
（2）西歐的啟蒙思想政治學(xué)說(shuō)與美國(guó)實(shí)際的結(jié)合，在整個(gè)政治制度史中堪稱典范，對(duì)以后資本主義國(guó)家制度的建立起到示范作用。
（3）聯(lián)邦制賦予政府強(qiáng)有力的權(quán)力，有利于國(guó)家的鞏固；聯(lián)邦政府實(shí)行權(quán)力制衡,美國(guó)憲法里的三權(quán)分立原則，有利于防止專制獨(dú)裁，保障了資產(chǎn)階級(jí)民主制度。
（4）地方分權(quán)與中央集權(quán)相結(jié)合，形成較為和諧統(tǒng)一的關(guān)系，在維護(hù)國(guó)家主權(quán)的同時(shí)，有利于地方的積極性的調(diào)動(dòng)和創(chuàng)造性的發(fā)揮。
（5）這部憲法體現(xiàn)和維護(hù)了獨(dú)立戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)的重大成果，使政府建立在民主原則的基礎(chǔ)上，保證美國(guó)的長(zhǎng)期穩(wěn)定。
(6)促進(jìn)了資本主義經(jīng)濟(jì)的發(fā)展
（7）建立了聯(lián)邦制總統(tǒng)共和制，開(kāi)創(chuàng)了近代政體新形式，既確保了共和，又加強(qiáng)了主權(quán)。
消極
（1）承認(rèn)了黑人奴隸制
（2）保留了種族歧視的烙印
實(shí)用主義精神
美國(guó)是一個(gè)實(shí)用主義的國(guó)家，很大程度上這種實(shí)用主義的精神就體現(xiàn)在美國(guó)憲法之中。美利堅(jiān)合眾國(guó)憲法的起草和內(nèi)容無(wú)不體現(xiàn)著實(shí)用主義。起草時(shí)，美國(guó)作為一個(gè)國(guó)家，只是一個(gè)松散的邦聯(lián)，十三個(gè)州各自為政，參加費(fèi)城制憲會(huì)議的代表們立場(chǎng)、觀點(diǎn)、知識(shí)素養(yǎng)和利益訴求都有很大不同。所以在起草中，兩個(gè)程序特別體現(xiàn)實(shí)用精神。一是部分表決，即達(dá)成一項(xiàng)共識(shí)便記錄下來(lái)，作為整體的一部分。而不是草擬完全部法案再?gòu)?qiáng)行表決。每一個(gè)條款其實(shí)都是經(jīng)常反復(fù)爭(zhēng)論而達(dá)成的一致意見(jiàn)。二是不全面規(guī)定。也就是對(duì)于爭(zhēng)議很大的內(nèi)容，盡管確有規(guī)定的必要，也暫時(shí)不規(guī)定，留待后面再對(duì)憲法補(bǔ)充。本杰明·富蘭克林意味深長(zhǎng)的說(shuō)，從沒(méi)有一部完美到每個(gè)人都能接受的最好憲法。正因?yàn)檫@兩大程序性的規(guī)定，以及后來(lái)美利堅(jiān)合眾國(guó)憲法修正案和違憲審查制的建立，使得美國(guó)憲法的生命如此之長(zhǎng)。到今天，自由美國(guó)民主美國(guó)都需要到這部1787憲法之中找尋力量。
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