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競爭優(yōu)勢
來源:互聯(lián)網(wǎng)

競爭優(yōu)勢(Competitive advantage),是相對于競爭對手擁有的可持續(xù)性優(yōu)勢,分為成本優(yōu)勢、差異優(yōu)勢及聚焦優(yōu)勢。

《競爭優(yōu)勢》是哈佛大學商學院名牌教授邁克爾·波特的著作,是本領(lǐng)域的又一圣經(jīng)。他的每一部書都成為國內(nèi)企業(yè)中、高層管理人員及在讀研究生的必讀書目。他的所有理論都建立在全面細致的科學調(diào)研的基礎(chǔ)之上,極富操作性。

基本解釋

起源

他的所有理論都建立在全面細致的科學調(diào)研的基礎(chǔ)之上,極富操作性。從1985年開始出版,《競爭優(yōu)勢》已重刊35次。此外,競爭優(yōu)勢的定義是一個企業(yè)或國家在某些方面比其他的企業(yè)或國家更能帶來利潤或效益的優(yōu)勢。

理解一

所謂的競爭優(yōu)勢無非是利用多種多樣的IS以及其他的Business 工具去獲得更低的成本,更高的利潤。當然這是costly的,也就是說不是大公司很難建立起完善的competitive advantage,所以對于大公司來說,保持CA是一個非常重要的business goals;對于其它競爭者,努力獲取CA是一個目標。

——來自香港科技大學商學院

理解二

相較于競爭對手擁有的可持續(xù)性優(yōu)勢:優(yōu)勢資源、先進的運作模式、更適合市場需求的產(chǎn)品和服務(wù)。通過上述某個領(lǐng)域或者是多個領(lǐng)域相互作用形成優(yōu)于對手的核心競爭力

優(yōu)勢資源包括:社會資源、人力資源、自然資源、財力資源等,如石油、礦產(chǎn)。

運作模式包括:管理、商業(yè)模式、創(chuàng)新力等,如阿里巴巴集團開創(chuàng)性商業(yè)模式。

產(chǎn)品和服務(wù)包括:高價值、優(yōu)勢價格、獨特性等,如茅臺酒,麥肯錫咨詢。

英文解釋

Competitive advantage is a position of a company in a competitive landscape that allows the company earning return on investments higher than the cost of investments. Competitive advantage should be relevant, unique, and sustainable.

原文注解

A set of unique features of a company and its products that are perceived by the target market as significant and superior to the competition.

英文: competitive advantage

分類:1. cost competitive advantage

從下面幾方面減少:Experience curves 經(jīng)驗曲線

Efficient labor 有效率的勞動者

No-frills goods and services 減少包裝

Government subsidies 政府補助

Product 設(shè)計 產(chǎn)品設(shè)計

Reengineering 業(yè)務(wù)流程再設(shè)計

Production innovations 產(chǎn)品改良

New methods of 送達 delivery 新的服務(wù)傳送方式

2. product/ service differentiation competitive advantage

3. niche stragegies

Competitive advantage is a theory that seeks to address some of the criticisms of comparative advantage. Michael Porterproposed the theory in 1990. Competitive advantage theory suggests that states and businesses should pursue policies that create high-quality goods to sell at high prices in the market. Porter emphasizes 生產(chǎn)率 growth as the focus of national strategies. Competitive advantage rests on the notion that cheap labor is ubiquitous and natural resources are not necessary for a good economy. The other theory, comparative advantage can countries to specialize in exporting primary goods and RAW materials that trap countries in low-wage economies due to terms of trade. Competitive advantage attempts to correct for this issue by stressing maximizing scale economies in goods and services that garner premium prices (Stutz and Warf 2009).

Competitive advantage occurs when an organization acquires or develops an attribute or combination of attributes that allows it to outperform its competitors. These attributes can include access to natural resources, such as high grade ores or inexpensive 功率, or access to highly trained and skilled personnel human resources. New technologies such as robotics and information technology either to be included as a part of the product, or to assist making 信息技術(shù) The term competitive advantage is the ability gained through attributes and resources to 表演 at a higher level than others in the same industry or market (Christensen and Fahey 1984, Kay 1994, Porter 1980 cited by Chacarbaghi and Lynch 1999, p. 45). The study of such advantage has attracted profound research interest due to contemporary issues regarding superior 表演 levels of firms in the present competitive market conditions. “A firm is said to have a competitive advantage when it is implementing a value creating strategy not simultaneously being implemented by any current or potential player” (Barney 1991 cited by Clulow et al.2003, p. 221). Successfully implemented strategies will 升力 a firm to superior performance by facilitating the firm with competitive advantage to outperform current or potential players (Passemard and Calantone 2000, p. 18). To gain competitive advantage a 行當 strategy of a firm manipulates the various resources over which it has direct ctrl and these resources have the ability to generate competitive advantage (Reed and Fillippi 1990 cited by Rijamampianina 2003, p. 362). superior 表演 outcomes and superiority in production resources reflects competitive advantage (Day and Wesley 1988 cited by Lau 2002, p. 125).

Above writings signify competitive advantage as the ability to stay ahead of present or potential competition, thus superior 表演 reached through competitive advantage will ensure market leadership. Also it provides the understanding that resources held by a firm and the business strategy will have a profound impact on generating competitive advantage. Powell (2001, p. 132) views business strategy as the tool that manipulates the resources and create competitive advantage, hence, viable business strategy may not be adequate unless it possess ctrl over unique resources that has the ability to create such a unique advantage. Summarizing the view points, competitive advantage is a key determinant of superior 表演 and it will ensure 活下去survival and prominent placing in the market. Superior performance being the ultimate desired goal of a firm, competitive advantage becomes the foundation highlighting the significant importance to develop same.

基本要素

簡介

(1)先前或已獲得的資源。這里的資源,是獨特的、競爭對手不具備的資源,并且競爭對手難以復制這種資源。

(2)革新能力。一些公司在革新方面比其他公司有更強的能力,這些公司理所當然具備競爭優(yōu)勢。革新能力是非常重要的,通過它常常能夠找到獲取競爭優(yōu)勢的真正突破點,而使競爭者在長期的競爭中處于不利地位。

(3)真正的競爭差距。實際上,任何資源相對于競爭者來說,都存在真正的優(yōu)勢。僅僅強調(diào)識別出存在真正強勢的資源是不夠的,還必須比對手的更具競爭力。比如,僅僅擁有“低成本,高質(zhì)量”是不夠的,還必須使成本比競爭者的更低,質(zhì)量比競爭者的更高。

(4)替代能力。如果資源不能被替代,那么它通常就擁有更大的競爭力。有時獨特的資源能夠被全新發(fā)明的資源所代替,這種情形一旦出現(xiàn),競爭優(yōu)勢就會消失。

(5)合適性。任何一種資源,都必須能夠把它本身的優(yōu)勢傳遞給公司,而且盡量不能讓競爭對手及他人獲得。資源具備優(yōu)勢,并不意味著它的所有者將會獲得這一優(yōu)勢,這就是合適性問題,擁有不是最重要的,最重要的是擁有而且合適。

(6)經(jīng)久力。有用的資源以及其他競爭優(yōu)勢,必須能夠持續(xù)一定的時期。不具備可持續(xù)性的資源是沒有意義的。而且在未來時期內(nèi),具有競爭力的優(yōu)勢通常是不可再生的競爭優(yōu)勢,比如,伊士曼柯達公司所擁有的商標優(yōu)勢就具有持久力,并且是不可再生的。

(7)模仿力。資源如果具備競爭優(yōu)勢,就不易被模仿。盡管許多資源最終都會被復制,但可以通過下述途徑延遲被模仿的過程:

①有形的特色。一些特殊形式的差異,例如一種商標,或一個特殊的地理位置,或得到專利的保護,這都將延遲被模仿的過程。

②因果關(guān)系的模糊性。模糊性即不讓競爭者了解是哪種資源創(chuàng)造了競爭力,它對于競爭對手來說是很難學到或者不易獲得的。

③投資障礙。當市場很有限或增長前景不明朗時,如果公司實施的新戰(zhàn)略進行了大規(guī)模投資,就能夠很好的阻止競爭者進入該市場,尤其是當推出新產(chǎn)品和新服務(wù)需要大量資本或重大的營銷活動時。

應(yīng)用

該工具主要應(yīng)用于下列五種情形:

(1)培育競爭優(yōu)勢時。

(2)研究現(xiàn)有競爭態(tài)勢時。

(3)研究競爭對手的優(yōu)勢時。

(4)制定進攻型戰(zhàn)略時。

(5)制定防衛(wèi)型戰(zhàn)略時。

戰(zhàn)略類型

1、成本領(lǐng)先戰(zhàn)略(Cost Leadership)

2、差異化戰(zhàn)略(Differentiation)

3、通過擴大或收縮這兩項戰(zhàn)略,則形成第三個競爭優(yōu)勢戰(zhàn)略 - 聚焦集中戰(zhàn)略(Focus)

競爭優(yōu)勢第一戰(zhàn)略:成本領(lǐng)先(低成本優(yōu)勢)

* 實現(xiàn)成本領(lǐng)先,意味著企業(yè)成為行業(yè)內(nèi)的低成本制造者。

* 盡管成本領(lǐng)袖依靠低成本實現(xiàn)競爭優(yōu)勢,但它在價格上也要達到平價水平,至少也應(yīng)該結(jié)合使用差異化戰(zhàn)略。

* 如果超過一個公司致力于成為行業(yè)內(nèi)的成本領(lǐng)導者,那將是一場災(zāi)難。

* 價格領(lǐng)導優(yōu)勢往往通過經(jīng)濟規(guī)模來實現(xiàn)。

競爭優(yōu)勢第二戰(zhàn)略:差異化

* 實現(xiàn)差異化,意味著企業(yè)在行業(yè)內(nèi)占據(jù)獨一無二、無人取代的地位,并且廣泛地被顧客接受和欣賞。

* 差異化企業(yè)也不能忽視其成本地位,在不影響差異化戰(zhàn)略的情況下,企業(yè)應(yīng)該盡可能降低成本;在差異化領(lǐng)域,產(chǎn)品成本應(yīng)該至少低于企業(yè)從買方手中收取的價格溢價。

* 可以實現(xiàn)差異化的領(lǐng)域有:產(chǎn)品、渠道、銷售、市場、服務(wù)、企業(yè)形象,等等。

競爭優(yōu)勢第三戰(zhàn)略:聚焦集中

* 實現(xiàn)聚焦集中,意味著企業(yè)成為某一細分市場或行業(yè)中的最佳企業(yè)。

* 兩個變形:集中成本和集中差異化。

* 力爭中游

o 對于那些利潤績效低于行業(yè)平均水平的企業(yè)來說,這個方子是開給他們的。

o 只要行業(yè)整體水平表現(xiàn)不錯,即便是中游企業(yè)的利潤回報也是比較誘人的。

o 企業(yè)選擇余地很小。

o 對那些運用聚焦戰(zhàn)略的企業(yè)來說,最危險的事情莫過于成功之后開始忽視他們所聚焦的對象。他們必須尋找新的聚焦對象,而不是放任他們的聚焦戰(zhàn)略效能減弱。

參考資料 >

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