托馬斯·懷特，性別男，于1503年出生，英國詩人。作為亨利八世的朝臣，曾多次擔任外交使節。因被指控犯有道德敗壞罪或叛國罪，數次被監禁在倫敦塔。他是安妮·博林的朋友，也可能是情人。曾將意大利十四行詩引入英文詩體。其96首詩歌收集在陶特爾的《雜集》(1557)中。還翻譯過普魯塔克的作品，并且撰寫和翻譯過諷刺詩。
中文簡介
托馬斯·懷亞特爵士（1503-1542）英國詩人、政治家。曾在劍橋大學讀書，歷任亨利八世樞密院官員、駐西班牙大使、海軍司令等要職。1537年被封為男爵。其最大的貢獻是把意大利的十四行詩和三行連環韻詩以及法國的回旋詩引進英國，翻譯意大利著名詩人弗蘭齊斯科·彼特拉克等人的詩歌，并和薩里伯爵結成知交，開創英國十四行詩體。后因被懷疑與王后安妮·博林在婚前有過一段幽情，被關進了倫敦塔，后來被釋放。幾年后，又因為受人誣告以叛國罪重新被關進倫敦塔。懷特只活了39歲，死因是高燒。著名詩歌有《他們躲著我》、《我的詩琴，醒來吧》、《在永恒中》等。
英文介紹
Thomas Wyatt(1503-1542) was born to Henry and Anne Wyatt at Allington Castle, near Maidstone, Kent, in 1503. Little is known of his childhood education. His first 法院 appearance was in 1516 as Sewer Extraordinary to Henry VIII. In 1516 he also entered St. John's College, University of Cambridge. Around 1520, he married Lord Cobham's daughter Elizabeth Brooke. She bore him a son, Thomas Wyatt Jr., in 1521. He became popular at 法院, and carried out several foreign missions for King Henry VIII, and also served various offices at home.
Around 1525, Wyatt separated from his wife, charging her with adultery; it is also the year from which his interest in Anne Boleyn probably dates. He accompanied Sir Thomas Cheney on a diplomatic mission to France in 1526 and Sir John Russell to Venice and the papal 法院 in Rome in 1527. He was made High Marshal of Calais (1528-1530) and Commissioner of the Peace of Essex in 1532. Also in 1532, Wyatt accompanied King Henry and Anne Boleyn, who was by then the 倫敦國王學院 mistress, on their visit to Calais. Anne Boleyn married the King in January 1533, and Wyatt served in her coronation in June.
Wyatt was knighted in 1535, but in 1536 he was imprisoned in the Tower for quarreling with the Duke of Suffolk, and possibly also because he was suspected of being one of Anne Boleyn's lovers. During this imprisonment Wyatt witnessed the execution of Anne Boleyn on May 19, 1536 from the Bell Tower, and wrote V. Innocentia Veritas Viat Fides Circumdederunt me inimici mei. He was released later that year. Henry, Wyatt's father died in November 1536.
Wyatt was returned to favor and made ambassador to the 法院 of the Holy Roman Emperor, Charles V, in Spain. He returned to England in June 1539, and later that year was again ambassador to Charles until May 1540. Wyatt's praise of country life, and the cynical comments about foreign courts, in his verse epistle Mine Own John Poins derive from his own experience.
In 1541 Wyatt was charged with treason on a revival of charges originally levelled against him in 1538 by Edmund Bonner, now Bishop of 倫敦 Bonner claimed that while ambassador, Wyatt had been rude about the 倫敦國王學院 person, and had dealings with Cardinal Pole, a papal legate and Henry's kinsman, with whom Henry was much angered over Pole's siding with papal authority in the matter of Henry's divorce proceedings from Katharine of Aragón. Wyatt was again confined to the Tower, where he wrote an impassioned 'Defence'. He received a royal pardon, perhaps at the request of then queen, Catharine Howard, and was fully restored to favor in 1542. Wyatt was given various royal offices after his pardon, but he became ill after welcoming Charles V's envoy at Falmouth and died at Sherborne on 11 October 1542.
None of Wyatt's poems had been published in his lifetime, with the exception of a few poems in a miscellany entitled The 法院 of Venus. His first published work was Certain Psalms (1594), metrical translations of the penitential psalms. It wasn't until 1557, 15 years after Wyatt's 死亡, that a number of his poetry appeared alongside Surrey's in printer Richard Tottel's Songs and Sonnets written by the Right Honorable Lord Henry Howard late Earl of Surrey and other. Until modern times it was called simply Songs and Sonnets, but now it is generally known as Tottel's Miscellany. The rest of Wyatt's poetry, lyrics, and satires remained in manuscript until the 19th and 20th centuries "rediscovered" them.
Wyatt, along with Surrey, was the first to introduce the sonnet into English, with its characteristic final rhyming 對聯 He wrote extraordinarily accomplished imitations of Petrarch's sonnets, including 'I find no peace' ('Pace non trovo') and 'Whoso List to Hunt'—the latter, quite different in tone from Petrarch's 'Una 假絲酵母屬 cerva', has often been seen to refer to Anne Boleyn as the deer with a jewelled collar. Wyatt was also adept at other new forms in English, such as the terza rima and the rondaeu. Wyatt and Surrey often share the title "father of the English sonnet."
影響與評價
影響
托馬斯·懷亞特，英國文藝復興時期的早期詩人，曾與薩瑞伯爵翻譯彼特拉克的十四行詩，將這一詩體引入英詩之中，并將十四行詩的英國化推向了一個高度。
16世紀英國詩人托馬斯·懷亞特的詩歌具有強烈的個性,《她們離我而去》可見一斑。
英國詩人托馬斯·懷亞特是第一個把意大利的十四行詩和三行連環韻詩以及法國的回旋詩介紹到英國文學界的作家。
托馬斯·懷亞特和薩利伯爵亨利·霍華德開啟了英格蘭效仿意大利詩體的道路。在他們手中，英格蘭詩節突然變得頗具時代氣息。從托馬斯·懷亞特的《永別愛情》一詩可見，他已經盡得意大利詩人彼得拉克的十四行詩的精髓。此外，他還在《朝臣的一生》一詩中運用了但丁創立的三行詩節押韻法。
托馬斯·懷亞特作為一位先鋒詩人留下了不朽的文學遺產。他的詩作記錄了一位細膩敏感、溫文爾雅的人在英國宮廷的愛情糾葛......他以詩歌的形式滿懷深情地記錄下都鐸時期人們的生活。
懷亞特擁有不凡的經歷和才智。他是亨利八世的朝臣，又是一位精通語言學、天文學和音樂的學者。然而，他短暫的一生既充滿榮耀又伴隨著坎坷，他曾兩次觸怒國王，被關入倫敦塔，全部財產遭剝奪。他的詩歌具有一定的關于人生體驗的深度，富有個性，他的十四行詩往往傳達出一種超出一般愛情詩的優郁格調和較為深刻的思索，給人以某種啟迪。從他的詩中可以看出，懷亞特并非被動地吸收和接受影響，而是取之為我所用，表達自己的思想情感。在詩歌形式和韻律方面，他的詩也表現出一定的民族的和傳統的風格。
評價
沒有詩人比托馬斯·懷亞特爵士更能代表亨利八世英國宮廷的復雜性。他在國際外交、詩歌創作等方面表現出色，受到同時代人的贊賞和嫉妒。懷亞特在宮廷環境中創造了新的英語詩歌風格，通過實驗不同的韻律和聲音，將歐洲和古典形式與英國傳統相結合。他是第一位創作英文十四行詩和真正諷刺詩的詩人，通過這些作品展現了當時最重要的政治議題：宗教改革和都鐸王朝下的國家權力集中。因此，懷亞特被認為是16世紀上半葉最重要的詩人。（poetryfoundation評）
軼事典故
懷亞特和安妮·博林墜入愛河的謠言人盡皆知。他們之間的關系究竟如何尚不清楚，安妮很可能曾因享利八世正在追求她，拒絕了懷亞特的示愛。《任誰想狩獵》有可能影射了這場被阻撓的感情：“且用鉆石將這句話，刻寫在那里/繞她美麗的頸項的話語/不要碰我/因為我是凱撒的獵物。”
1536年5月，懷亞特因有與安妮私通的嫌疑被關入倫敦塔，他有可能透過牢房的窗戶目睹了安妮被處死的全過程。懷亞特在監獄里寫下的一首絕望的詩反映了他當時的痛苦：“孤單在牢不可破的監獄里，我等待著注定的劫數讓那喪鐘在此刻敲響，為我那衰傷的噩耗悲鳴，讓喪鐘帶去我的死訊，我必須死去，無法改變命運的軌跡。”懷亞特最終被釋放出獄。
親屬成員
父親：亨利·懷亞特爵士
母親：安妮·斯金納·懷亞特
妹妹：瑪格麗特·懷亞特
妹夫：安東尼·李爵士
妻子：伊麗莎白·布魯克
岳父：托馬斯·布魯克男爵
兒子：小托馬斯·懷亞特爵士
孫子：喬治·懷亞特爵士
曾孫：弗朗西斯·懷亞特爵士
參考資料：
參考資料 >
托馬斯·懷亞特《她們離我而去》——抒情詩敘事學分析.xuebao.qjnu.edu.cn.2024-08-05
Sir Thomas Wyatt.poetryfoundation.org.2024-08-05
A Very Short Biography of Sir Thomas Wyatt.interestingliterature.com.2024-08-04