喬治·克拉姆（1929年10月24日-2022年2月6日），美國著名先鋒派作曲家，出生于西弗吉尼亞州查爾斯頓。他曾在梅森學院、伊利諾大學（1953年獲文學碩士學位）和密執安大學（1959年獲博士學位）學習，并師從作曲家R L·芬尼（Rose Lee Finney）。1959年起，克拉姆在科羅拉多大學博爾德分校任教，1965年起在賓夕法尼亞大學任教，同時從事音樂創作。他的主要作品包括《四首夜曲—夜樂II》《牧歌I》和《秋天的十一個回聲》等。克拉姆是美國最杰出的先鋒派作曲家之一，對當代音樂產生了深遠影響。2022年2月6日，喬治·克拉姆在家中去世，享年92歲。
人物介紹
喬治·克拉姆先后在梅森學院、伊利諾大學（1953年獲文學碩士學位）和密執安大學（1959年獲博士學位）學習。曾從作曲家R L．芬尼(Rose Lee Finney)學作曲。1952年，給《弦樂三重奏》作曲。1959年起在科羅拉多大學博爾德分校任教，1965年起在賓夕法尼亞大學任教，同時從事音樂創作。主要作品有《四首夜曲—夜樂II》、《牧歌I》、《秋天的十一個回聲》等。
主要作品
Orchestral
“客西馬尼”Gethsemane (1947), for small orchestra
《雙連圖畫》Diptych (1955)《樂隊變奏曲》Variazioni (1959), for large orchestra《河流與時間的回聲》Echoes of 時間 and the River (Echoes II) (1967)《打獵風景》A Haunted Landscape (1984) Vocal Choral Orchestral
《星孩》StarChild (1977, revised 1979), for soprano, antiphonal children's voices, male speaking choir, bell ringers, and large orchestra Chamber/Instrumental
“兩首二重奏”Two Duos (1944?), for flute and clarinet
“四首作品”Four Pieces (1945), for violin and piano
“小提琴奏鳴曲”Violin Sonata (1949)
《弦樂三重奏》String Trio (1952)
“三首田園詩作品”Three Pastoral Pieces (1952), for oboe and piano
《中提琴奏鳴曲》Viola Sonata (1953)
《弦樂四重奏》String Quartet (1954)
《獨奏大提琴奏鳴曲》Sonata for Solo 大提琴 (1955)
《四首夜曲—夜樂II》Four Nocturnes (Night Music II) (1964), for violin and piano
《秋天的十一個回聲》Eleven Echoes of Autumn, 1965 (Echoes I) (1966), for violin, alto flute, clarinet, and piano
《黑天使》黑色 Angels (Images I) (1970), for electric string quartet
《鯨魚之聲》Vox Balaenae (Voice of the Whale) (1971), for electric flute, electric cello, and amplified piano
《為一個夏夜而作的音樂—大宇宙III》音樂 for a Summer Evening (Makrokosmos III) (1974), for two amplified pianos and percussion (two players).
《夢的序列》Dream Sequence (Images II) (1976), for violin, cello, piano, percussion (one player), and off-stage glass harmonica (two players)
《弦樂三重奏》String Trio (1982)
《田園低音》Pastoral Drone (1982), for organ
《蠢材的田園詩》An Idyll for the Misbegotten (Images III) (1986), for amplified flute and percussion (three players).
“復活節曙光”Easter Dawning (1991), for carillon
《探索》Quest (1994), for guitar, soprano saxophone, harp, double bass, and percussion (two players)“曼德斯的犬”Mundus Canis (A Dog's World) (1998), for guitar and percussion
《鋼琴奏鳴曲》Piano Sonata (1945)
《前奏曲與托卡塔》Prelude and Toccata (1951)
“五首作品”Five Pieces (1962)
《大宇宙I》Makrokosmos, Volume I (1972), for amplified piano
《大宇宙II》Makrokosmos, Volume II (1973), for amplified piano
《天上的機械士——大宇宙IV》Celestial Mechanics (Makrokosmos IV) (1979), for amplified piano (four hands)
《1979年圣誕節小組曲》A Little Suite for 圣誕節, A.D. 1979 (1980)
《箴言變奏曲》Gnomic Variations (1981)
“游行圣歌”Processional (1983)
“時代精神”Zeitgeist (Tableaux Vivants) (1988), for two amplified pianosEine Kleine Mitternachtmusik (A Little Midnight 音樂) (2002)
“來世回響”Otherworldly Resonances (2003), for two pianos
Vocal
“四首歌曲”Four Songs (1945?), for voice, clarinet and piano
“七首歌曲”Seven Songs (1946), for voice and piano
“三首早期歌曲”Three Early Songs (1947), for voice and piano
“希臘歌詞的循環”A Cycle of Greek Lyrics (1950?), for voice and piano
《夜樂I》Night Music I (1963, revised 1976), for soprano, piano/celeste, and two percussionists
《牧歌I》Madrigals, Book I (1965), for soprano, vibraphone, and double bass
《牧歌II》Madrigals, Book II (1965), for soprano, flute/alto flute/piccolo, and percussion
《死亡之正歌、吟唱與副歌》Songs, Drones, and Refrains of 死亡 (1968), for baritone, electric guitar, electric double bass, amplified piano/electric harpsichord, and two percussionists
《四個月亮之夜》Night of the Four Moons (1969), for alto, alto flute/piccolo, banjo, electric cello, and percussion
《牧歌III》Madrigals, Book III (1969), for soprano, harp, and percussion
《牧歌IV》Madrigals, Book IV (1969), for soprano, flute/alto flute/piccolo, harp, double bass, and percussion
《遠古童聲》Ancient Voices of Children (1970), for mezzo-soprano, boy soprano, oboe, mandolin, harp, amplified piano (and toy piano), and percussion (three players)
《永恒的光》Lux Aeterna (1971) for soprano, bass flute/soprano recorder, sitar, and percussion (two players)
《女妖》Apparition (1979), for soprano and amplified piano
“睡美人”The Sleeper (1984), for soprano and piano
“為孩子們作的費德里克的短歌”Federico's Little Songs for Children (1986), for soprano, flute/piccolo/alto flute/bass flute, and harp
“美國歌謠集I：直上山崗”American Songbook I: Unto the Hills (2001), for soprano, percussion quartet and piano
“美國歌謠集II：一個超越時空之旅”American Songbook II: A Journey Beyond 時間 (2003), for soprano, percussion quartet and piano
“美國歌謠集III：生命之河”American Songbook III: River of Life (2003), for soprano, percussion quartet and piano
美國歌謠集IV：命運之風”American Songbook IV: Winds of Destiny (2004), for soprano, percussion quartet and piano
“美國歌謠集V：來自于一個被遺忘世界的聲音”American Songbook V: Voices from a Forgotten World (2007), for soprano, baritone, percussion quartet and piano
“美國歌謠集VI：來自于大地早晨的聲音”American Songbook VI: Voices from the Morning of the 地球 (2008), for soprano, baritone, percussion quartet and piano
Choral
《哈利路亞》Alleluja (1948), for unaccompanied chorus
人物評價
克拉姆的音樂擅長在傳統樂器上使用特殊演奏技法成采用非西方樂器制造新穎獨特的音響，同時追求深的理性，表現一定的思想和情感，既有抽象性的—面，又有標題性的特點，他的作品內涵比較好理解。其創作大多帶有室內樂性質。聲樂作品的歌詞多取自西班牙詩人費德里戈·洛爾卡（Federico Garcia Lorca）的詩。
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