颶風厄瑪（英語：颶風 Irma）是一場極其強勁和災難性的佛得角型颶風，就最大持續(xù)風速來說，厄瑪是自2005年的颶風威爾瑪以來在大西洋地區(qū)觀察到的最強熱帶氣旋，以及在大西洋開放地區(qū)的最強風暴。厄瑪是有記錄以來首個襲擊向風群島的五級颶風，另一場五級颶風颶風瑪麗亞在兩周后緊隨其后。當時，它是被認為大西洋上記錄以來第二強大熱帶氣旋，其風力已升至“極度危險”級別。厄瑪是自2005年颶風卡崔娜以來襲擊美國本土最強烈的颶風，自同年威爾瑪以來首場登陸佛羅里達州的大型颶風，及自2004年颶風查利以來首場襲擊該州的四級颶風。由于颶風厄瑪對于美國等多個國家及地區(qū)造成嚴重災情，因此厄瑪已從颶風命名序列中除名。
颶風背景
2017年8月25日，4級颶風“哈維”登陸得克薩斯州，給包括休斯敦在內的德州南部多地帶去持續(xù)強降水并引發(fā)洪澇災害后，超強颶風厄瑪?shù)闹行恼挥诩永毡群１筹L群島往東450英里處以280公里/小時的風速移動，依照薩菲爾-辛普森颶風等級(SSHS)已升級至5級颶風。“厄瑪”或將繼續(xù)加速移動，并成為大西洋上有記錄以來第二強大熱帶氣旋，其風力已升至“極度危險”級別。
颶風來襲
2017年9月5日，佛羅里達州州長理查德?斯科特發(fā)表聲明稱，因颶風厄瑪（Irma）靠近，他宣布該州所有67個區(qū)進入緊急狀態(tài)。危險級別為四級的颶風正從大西洋中部向西往加勒比地區(qū)移動，它有可能轉移至佛羅里達地區(qū)。2017年9月6日，颶風厄瑪正以280公里/小時的風速移動。依照薩菲爾-辛普森颶風等級(SSHS)，它已升級至5級颶風。颶風厄瑪或將繼續(xù)加速移動，并成為大西洋上有記錄以來第二強大熱帶氣旋，其風力已升至“極度危險”級別。厄瑪?shù)闹行恼挥诩永毡群１筹L群島往東450英里處。
颶風影響
美國國家颶風中心（NHC）指出，威力強大的颶風厄瑪即將對加勒比海東部許多地區(qū)構成威脅，有若干島嶼位在颶風警告范圍，波多黎各和維京群島則在戒備下。颶風厄瑪5日晚上或6日凌晨將侵襲波多黎各東方的向風群島（Leeward Islands），使水位超出正常3米，某些地區(qū)降雨量將達到25厘米，還會掀起“有破壞性的大浪”。
防災措施
加勒比地區(qū)
Given that Irma's forecast track was along much of the Caribbean island chain, hurricane warnings were issued for the northern Leeward Islands, Puerto Rico, and parts of Hispaniola on September 5.
美國本土
The NHC issued several watches and warnings for the Southeastern United States. The first watches and warnings were issued at 15:00 UTC on September 7, which was a hurricane watch from the Jupiter Inlet to Bonita Beach, including the Florida Keys and Lake Okeechobee. The watches and warnings were expanded into Georgia and South Carolina on September 9. At 21:00 UTC on that day, the advisories reached their maximum extent, with a 颶風 warning covering the entire east coast of the state, the west coast from Indian Pass southward, and the Florida Keys; a hurricane watch was in place for the remainder of the state.
影響
加勒比地區(qū)
颶風艾瑪在9月6日開始重創(chuàng)加勒比地區(qū)，挾帶狂風暴雨，百分之九十五的房屋受損，登陸地安提瓜和巴布達幾乎全國淹水，圣馬丁島六成的房屋遭摧毀，此颶風已造成至少13人罹難。此外，圣馬丁島及圣巴特島因發(fā)電系統(tǒng)全受損而全數(shù)停電，需花數(shù)周修復，隨后，颶風掃過波多黎各，導致當?shù)赜幸话胪ｋ姡攷泶笥辏瑢е?a href="/hebeideji/7291592897597816872.html">海地北部部分淹水，古巴受到艾瑪?shù)拇狄u，導致當?shù)赜卸嗵幫ｋ姾脱退е率祟倦y，是85年來當?shù)刈顝姷娘Z風。
美國本土
美國在颶風影響下，本土已造成58人罹難，損失初估至少500億美元。
后續(xù)事件
歸還家園
在佛州，至少有32人死亡。在佐治亞州和南卡羅來納州也共有7人死亡。盡管颶風已經過去5天，但美國佛州超過150萬人無電可用，陷入高溫熱浪的困境。
記錄
Irma set multiple records for intensity, especially at easterly longitudes, 時間 spent at such an intensity, and its intensity at landfall. When Irma reached Category 5 intensity with winds of 175 mph (282 km/h) at 11:45 UTC on September 5 at 57.7°W, it became the easternmost Atlantic 颶風 of this strength on record, surpassing Hurricane David of 1979, later beaten by Hurricane Lorenzo 2 years later. By 00:15 UTC on September 6, Irma reached peak intensity with 180 mph (285 km/h) winds and a minimum 壓強 of 914 mbar (914 hPa; 27.0 inHg). This ties it with 颶風 Mitch of 1998 and Hurricane Rita of 2005 as the sixth-strongest Atlantic hurricane by wind speed. Only five other Atlantic hurricanes have been recorded with wind speeds higher than Irma: Hurricane Allen of 1980, which had maximum sustained winds of 190 mph (310 km/h), and the 1935 Labor Day hurricane, Hurricane Gilbert of 1988, 颶風 Wilma of 2005, and Hurricane Dorian of 2019, all of which had peak W-inds. of 185 mph (298 km/h). At the time, Irma was also the strongest hurricane ever recorded in the Atlantic Ocean outside the Caribbean Sea and Gulf of Mexico; later surpassed by Hurricane Dorian, and was the strongest Atlantic hurricane since Wilma in terms of maximum sustained winds, and the most intense in terms of 壓強 since Dean in 2007. In addition, Irma achieved one of the longest durations of Category 5 strength winds, and the third-highest accumulated cyclone 能量 (ACE) index for a tropical cyclone in the Atlantic basin, with a value of 64.9 units. Only the 1899 San Ciriaco hurricane and Hurricane Ivan in 2004 achieved higher values.
名字退役
Because of the extensive damage and loss of life the 颶風 caused in the northeastern Caribbean and the United States, particularly in Florida, the World Meteorological Organization retired the name Irma from its rotating naming lists in April 2018; it will never again be used for another Atlantic 颶風 It was replaced with Idalia for the 2023 season.
參考資料 >
【飛向風暴眼】前一秒是地獄，下一秒是天堂（2017年颶風厄瑪）.bilibili.2024-09-18
從颶風“厄瑪”帶來的破壞中恢復.聯(lián)合國兒童基金會.2024-09-18
毀滅性影響?颶風“厄瑪”破多項氣象紀錄.中國氣象局.2024-09-18